Introduction
The article will focus on the strengths and weaknesses of both PRINCE2 and the PMBOK Guide. This article was originally published in 2017, but was updated in October 2023 to reflect changes in PRINCE2 7th edition [1], and the PMBOK® 7th edition [2].
The article is to help the reader judge which is appropriate for their own needs whether they work as a project manager, project sponsor, or work in a project management office (PMO).
Project management today is an ever-growing profession. According to the American-based Project Management Institute (PMI)® between 2017 and 2027, over 20 million new project management roles will be created globally across seven project-intensive industries [3].
As globalization increases, more organizations are becoming projectized. This is happening as organizations seek to become more efficient – ‘to do more with less’ – and to bring new products to market quickly and cheaply. This is a phenomenon affecting both private and public sector organizations, especially those whose governments have chosen ‘austerity’ as their preferred approach to overcoming economic problems.
These organizations therefore perceive clear advantages to helping them achieve their objectives if they apply project management best practices to help them deliver their projects both more quickly, within budget and according to specifications.
Best-known publications
The two best known project management publications are the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®) 7th Edition, (otherwise known as the PMBOK® Guide) and Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2®. Both publications are claimed to embody best-practices in project management and are often seen as two different variations of the same thing. As this article will explain, this is a false comparison.
PMBOK® Guide
The PMBOK® Guide should not be read in isolation from The Standard for Project Management. Both form one book, but each with its own distinct emphasis.
The Standard for Project Management describes some key terms and concepts. It also describes how projects form a way for organizations to create value and describes the project environment within which projects operate. The Standard for the first time introduces 12 core project management principles which inform the project performance domains described in the PMBOK® Guide.
The Standard for Project Management should be read in conjunction with the PMBOK® Guide and sets the tone for everything described in the PMBOK®. It documents a set of standard terminology, knowledge, and guidelines for project management. It also describes itself as a standard for project management. This is because the PMI itself was approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to be a standards developer in 1998.
Although the PMI started in the USA, it is very much now a global organisation with chapters (groups of members) in many countries in the world.
PMBOK® Guide structure
The PMBOK® Guide is divided into 4 main sections – introduction, project performance domains, tailoring, and models, methods, and artifacts – and several appendices with further details of the role of project sponsor, the project management office, and the concepts of products and product management.
Introduction
The introduction section outlines the structure of the Guide, its relationship with The Standard for Project Management, the changes made in the latest edition, and its relationship with PMIStandards+.
The main change to previous editions is the removal of the inputs, tools/techniques, and outputs (ITTOs), and their replacement with principles which provides a different way of thinking about project management.
The Guide is complemented with further information within PMIStandards+ on PMIs digital content platform.
Project performance domains
This is a new concept in the latest edition, and these replace the process groups and 10 Knowledge Areas that had formed the backbone of the previous edition.
The principles from the Standard, are intended to guide the behaviour of practitioners, whereas the 8 new project performance domains provide broad areas of focus in which to demonstrate that behaviour.
The 8 performance domains are:
- Stakeholders
- Team
- Development approach and life cycle
- Planning
- Project work
- Delivery
- Measurement
- Uncertainty.
The performance domains are intended to be used as a unified whole, integrated together with each domain interdependent on the other domains to enable successful delivery of the project.
These performance domains run concurrently throughout the project. For example, the project manager should remain focused on stakeholders, the team, project life cycle, and project work for the duration of the project. They are addressed together, and not as siloed efforts in isolation from one another.
Tailoring
The tailoring section is one which was introduced in the previous edition but gains more emphasis in the latest edition. Tailoring is the deliberate adaptation of the project management approach, governance, and processes so they better suit the specific context of a project. It considers the development approach, project life cycle, processes, choice of people with whom to engage with, and the methods and artifacts used.
This section describes the many factors that affect tailoring, including the project scale, duration, complexity, organizational culture, industry, and level of project management maturity.
Models, methods, and artifacts
This section provides a high-level description of some of the most commonly used models, methods, and artifacts useful when managing projects. Some of these models (for example ADKAR, Virginia Satir) originated in the change management realm, but were introduced into the Guide because of the importance of change management to successful project outcomes.
PMBOK® Guide strengths
When I reviewed the 6th edition of the PMBOK® Guide some years ago I wrote that key strength was its comprehensive treatment of the Knowledge Areas. However, in the 7th edition, the Knowledge Areas have been replaced by principles and the project performance domains.
Principles
One of the best parts of the new PMBOK® Guide is its introduction of 12 new principles. These are comprehensive and are designed to guide practitioners to tailor the guidance appropriately. The table below shows the most equivalent PRINCE2 principle.
| PMBOK® principles | PRINCE2 principles |
|---|---|
| Be a diligent, respectful, and caring steward | |
| Create a collaborative project team environment | Define roles, responsibilities, and relationships |
| Effectively engage with stakeholders | Define roles, responsibilities, and relationships |
| Focus on value | Ensure continued business justification |
| Recognize, evaluate, and respond to system interactions | Manage by exception |
| Demonstrate leadership behaviors | Define roles, responsibilities, and relationships |
| Tailor based on context | Tailor to suit the project |
| Build quality into processes and deliverables | Focus on products |
| Navigate complexity | Manage by stages |
| Optimize risk responses | Manage by stages |
| Embrace adaptability and resiliency | Tailor to suit the project |
| Enable change to achieve the envisioned future state | Ensure continued business justification |
Focus on delivering value
A very welcome change to the latest PMBOK® is its focus on value. This formed a huge gap in earlier editions, and with its introduction it brings itself much more into line with PRINCE2. PRINCE2 for many years has focused on a business case driving the decision-making on projects, and whether the project will continue to realize the benefits that the project is designed to bring.
With the new emphasis on projects creating value, the PMBOK® can help to ensure that projects remain means to an end, rather than the end in itself.
Project performance domains
So, now, I would say that its key strength is its comprehensive treatment of these domains. As you can see from the comparison below, it covers many of the same topics as all the PRINCE2 practices.
| PMBOK® Guide project performance domain | Corresponding PRINCE2 element |
|---|---|
| Stakeholder performance | Organizing practice, people |
| Team performance | People |
| Development approach and life cycle performance | Plans practice |
| Planning performance | Plans practice |
| Project work performance | Organizing practice, issues practice, people |
| Delivery performance | Business case practice, quality practice |
| Measurement performance | Progress practice |
| Uncertainty performance | Risk practice |
Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2
The PRINCE2 manual was first released by the UK government in 1996, and the 7th edition of PRINCE2 was released in 2023. PRINCE2 has grown to become widely used by both public and private sectors around the world.
PRINCE2 structure
The PRINCE2 manual consists of 19 chapters, 2 appendices and a glossary. As a whole, the manual covers the five main areas of PRINCE2 – principles, people, practices, processes, and the project context.
Principles
The 7 PRINCE2 principles are the building blocks upon which everything else in the method is based. Applying all 7 principles to a project an indicator that the project is being managed according to PRINCE2. There is some overlap between the PRINCE2 principles and those of the PMBOK® Guide.
People
People are at the heart of all projects. The success of a project depends greatly on the strength of the relationships between the people involved. The chapter from the manual covering people discusses concepts such as leadership, team dynamics, and team building.
Practices
The 7 practices in PRINCE2 are aspects of project management which must be continuously addressed throughout the lifetime of the project. Themes are very much like the project performance domains in the PMBOK® Guide.
Processes
The practices and principles are applied throughout the 7 PRINCE2 processes. The processes describe who is responsible for taking decision, and when. Each PRINCE2 process is divided into a number of activities.
Project context
Within each of the chapters about processes and principles the manual provides guidance on how to tailor the method to different projects, depending on their size, level of risk, complexity, and other factors. Tailoring guidelines are no dissimilar to those in the PMBOK® Guide.
Roles & responsibilities
Appendix B of the PRINCE2 manual provides a very detailed set of responsibilities for the different project management team roles.
PRINCE2 strengths
Business case
Perhaps the single greatest strength of PRINCE2 is its expectation that the major decisions about a project must be based upon a robust business case. This means that a clear understanding of the benefits versus the costs, timescales and risks are required. This understanding is developed prior to the project and is refined in more detail during its initiation stage. It is then maintained and updated on a stage-by-stage basis as revised forecasts for the project become known.
This ensures that the project is always seen as a means to an end, rather than an end in itself. PRINCE2 describes explicit responsibilities for developing, maintaining, and approving the business case.
Prior to the 6th edition of the PMBOK® Guide, the business case was only described in a cursory way. Since the 6th edition, the PMBOK® Guide has taken on board much of the guidance about the business case which has been in PRINCE2 since its inception. In addition, the latest PMBOK® also covers the concept of value, and the importance of delivering value from projects. This is very much in line with the concept of benefit realization in PRINCE2.
In its business case theme, PRINCE2 also describes the importance of measuring the performance of the project’s products in their operational life. This helps the organization understand whether the forecasted benefits are, in fact, being realized. To help the organization plan how to measure and who will measure the benefits after the project closes, a benefits management approach is recommended to be created whilst initiating the project.
Project management team roles
A second major strength of PRINCE2 is its detailed and wide-ranging description of multiple project management team roles. Whereas in the PMBOK® Guide the emphasis is mainly on what the project manager does, in PRINCE2 there is a whole appendix providing detailed descriptions of the responsibilities for seven distinct project management team roles.
The different roles can be seen in the diagram below.
| PRINCE2 project management team roles | PMBOK® Guide equivalent |
|---|---|
| executive | project sponsor |
| senior user | no equivalent |
| senior supplier | no equivalent |
| project assurance | no equivalent |
| project manager | project manager |
| team manager | no equivalent |
| no equivalent | change control board (CCB) |
Tailoring
One further strength of the latest edition of PRINCE2 is its tailoring guidance. Rather than being a separate chapter, as it was in the previous edition, it now covers tailoring throughout the manual when it explains each practice and process. With lots of examples of tailoring within each chapter, it makes is easier for the reader to grasp how the practices and processes can be tailored to different project contexts.
Summary
One of the interesting things I learned since reviewing both the latest versions of the PMBOK® Guide and PRINCE2 is just how similar they now are. They are now both based upon a set of project management principles. They both emphasize how important it is to understand the expected return on investment in a project. This is through the discussion of value in the PMBOK® Guide and the discussion of the business case and benefits realization in PRINCE2.
Tailoring to the project context
Both books also discuss the need for tailoring of the project management approach. In the previous editions of the PRINCE2 manual tailoring always formed its own chapter but that has now been removed. Discussions of tailoring are now embedded within each process or practice chapter. In the PMBOK® Guide tailoring does have its own chapter which makes it a little divorced from the remainder of the book.
Project management aspects and people
Both books share overlapping aspects of project management that must be addressed throughout the project life cycle. The PMBOK® Guide calls these project performance domains, whereas PRINCE2 calls them practices. Both books cover people aspects of project management, such as leadership and team building.
Processes
So, overall, for the first time ever, the latest editions are both similar in their coverage of project management. However, there still remains one key difference between the two books and that is processes. In the latest edition of the PMBOK® Guide all the process groups which had always been described in detail since its first launch have been dropped. This is a radical departure from previous editions but a very welcome one.
Whenever I used to read previous editions of the Guide, I always found myself falling asleep reading about the inputs, tools/techniques, and outputs (ITTOs). I found the level of detail describe a huge hindrance to understanding what someone should do on a project. As a student once remarked on a PRINCE2 course of mine, after he had completed a 5-day PMP® course (the PMP® qualification is primarily based upon content from the PMBOK® Guide) he said he didn’t have a clue what he should actually do on his project.
Thankfully though PRINCE2 has kept its own 7 processes. These have been simplified since the previous version, and they now form a very simple, logical, and clear set of activities that should be done by the project management team at different points during the project. PRINCE2 leaves aside the ‘how to do it’ part when it comes to the processes, leaving that to practitioners to decide when they tailor the project management method to suit their project context.
Comprehensive team roles
For defining a detailed list of responsibilities for a broad range of project management roles PRINCE2 is again the preferred choice simply because the PMBOK® Guide doesn’t define most of these roles. By defining these responsibilities for a broad range of project management roles it is more likely that the right decisions are taken by the right people throughout the project.
Final thoughts
Finally, the challenges involved in managing modern projects are many. There are lots of books and methodologies available to assist and this article has focused on just 2 of these. Professional with an interest in project management, or practitioners seeking to take their understanding to the next level would benefit from reading both books.
Any professional requires a broad range of tools in their tool kit. Project management is no different. Both the latest editions of the PMBOK® Guide and the PRINCE2 manual should be added to the project professional’s toolkit. They complement each other nicely, and although they cover many of the same topics they do so from a slightly different angle.
References
[1] PeopleCert (2023). Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2®. 7th Edition. Nicosia. PeopleCert.
[2] Project Management Institute (2021). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge: PMBOK(R) Guide. Seventh Edition. Pennsylvania: Project Management Institute, Inc.
[3] Project Management Institute. (2017). Project Management Job Growth and Talent Gap 2017 & 2027. Available: https://www.pmi.org/-/media/pmi/documents/public/pdf/learning/job-growth-report.pdf. Last accessed 23 October 2023.
